PSScriptAnalyzer version 1.18 was released recently, and ships with powerful new rules that can check PowerShell scripts for incompatibilities with other PowerShell versions and environments.

In this blog post, the first in a series, we’ll see how to use these new rules to check a script for problems running on PowerShell 3, 5.1 and 6.

Wait, what’s PSScriptAnalyzer?

PSScriptAnalzyer is a module providing static analysis (or linting) and some dynamic analysis (based on the state of your environment) for PowerShell. It’s able to find problems and fix bad habits in PowerShell scripts as you create them, similar to the way the C# compiler will give you warnings and find errors in C# code before it’s executed.

If you use the VSCode PowerShell extension, you might have seen the “green squigglies” and problem reports that PSScriptAnalyzer generates for scripts you author:

You can install PSScriptAnalyzer to use on your own scripts with:

Install-Module PSScriptAnalyzer -Scope CurrentUser

PSScriptAnalyzer works by running a series of rules on your scripts, each of which independently assesses some issue. For example AvoidUsingCmdletAliases checks that aliases aren’t used in scripts, and MisleadingBackticks checks that backticks at the ends of lines aren’t followed by whitespace.

For more information, see the PSScriptAnalyzer deep dive blog series.

Introducing the compatibility check rules

The new compatibility checking functionality is provided by three new rules:

• PSUseCompatibleSyntax, which checks whether a syntax used in a script will work in other PowerShell versions.
• PSUseCompatibleCommands, which checks whether commands used in a script are available in other PowerShell environments.
• PSUseCompatibleTypes, which checks whether .NET types and static methods/properties are available in other PowerShell environments.

The syntax check rule simply requires a list of PowerShell versions you want to target, and will tell you if a syntax used in your script won’t work in any of those versions.

The command and type checking rules are more sophisticated and rely on profiles (catalogs of commands and types available) from commonly used PowerShell platforms. They require configuration to use these profiles, which we’ll go over below.

For this post, we’ll look at configuring and using PSUseCompatibleSyntax and PSUseCompatibleCommands to check that a script works with different versions of PowerShell. We’ll look at PSUseCompatibleTypes in a later post, although it’s configured very similarly to PSUseCompatibleCommands.

Working example: a small PowerShell script

Imagine we have a small (and contrived) archival script saved to .archiveScript.ps1:

# Import helper module to get folders to archive
Import-Module -FullyQualifiedName @{ ModuleName = ArchiveHelper; ModuleVersion = '1.1' }

$paths = Get-FoldersToArchive -RootPath 'C:DocumentsDocumentsToArchive'
$archiveBasePath = 'ArchiveServerDocumentArchive'

# Dictionary to collect hashes
$hashes = [System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[string, string]]::new()
foreach ($path in $paths)
{
    # Get the hash of the file and turn it into a base64 string
    $hash = (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $path).Hash

    # Add this file to the hash catalog
    $hashes[$hash] = $path

    # Now give the archive a unique name and zip it up
    $name = Split-Path -LeafBase $path
    Compress-Archive -LiteralPath $path -DestinationPath (Join-Path $archiveBasePath "$name-$hash.zip")
}

# Add the hash catalog to the archive directory
ConvertTo-Json $hashes | Out-File -LiteralPath (Join-Path $archiveBasePath "catalog.json") -NoNewline

This script was written in PowerShell 6.2, and we’ve tested that it works there. But we also want to run it on other machines, some of which run PowerShell 5.1 and some of which run PowerShell 3.0.

Ideally we will test it on those other platforms, but it would be nice if we could try to iron out as many bugs as possible ahead of time.

Checking syntax with PSUseCompatibleSyntax

The first and easiest rule to apply is PSUseCompatibleSyntax. We’re going to create some settings for PSScriptAnalyzer to enable the rule, and then run analysis on our script to get back any diagnostics about compatibility.

Running PSScriptAnalyzer is straightforward. It comes as a PowerShell module, so once it’s installed on your module path you just invoke it on your file with Invoke-ScriptAnalyzer, like this:

Invoke-ScriptAnalyzer -Path '.archiveScript.ps1`

A very simple invocation like this one will run PSScriptAnalyzer using its default rules and configurations on the script you point it to.

However, because they require more targeted configuration, the compatibility rules are not enabled by default. Instead, we need to supply some settings to run the syntax check rule. In particular, PSUseCompatibleSyntax requires a list of the PowerShell versions you are targeting with your script.

$settings = @{
    Rules = @{
        PSUseCompatibleSyntax = @{
            # This turns the rule on (setting it to false will turn it off)
            Enable = $true

            # List the targeted versions of PowerShell here
            TargetVersions = @(
                '3.0',
                '5.1',
                '6.2'
            )
        }
    }
}

Invoke-ScriptAnalyzer -Path .archiveScript.ps1 -Settings $settings

Running this will present us with the following output:

RuleName                            Severity     ScriptName Line  Message
--------                            --------     ---------- ----  -------
PSUseCompatibleSyntax               Warning      archiveScr 8     The constructor syntax
                                                 ipt.ps1          '[System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[string,
                                                                  string]]::new()' is not available by default in
                                                                  PowerShell versions 3,4

This is telling us that the [dictionary[string, string]]::new() syntax we used won’t work in PowerShell 3. Better than that, in this case the rule has actually proposed a fix:

$diagnostics = Invoke-ScriptAnalyzer -Path .archiveScript.ps1 -Settings $settings
$diagnostics[0].SuggestedCorrections

File              : C:UsersroholtDocumentsDevsandboxVersionedScriptarchiveScript.ps1
Description       : Use the 'New-Object @($arg1, $arg2, ...)' syntax instead for compatibility with PowerShell versions 3,4
StartLineNumber   : 8
StartColumnNumber : 11
EndLineNumber     : 8
EndColumnNumber   : 73
Text              : New-Object 'System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[string,string]'
Lines             : {New-Object 'System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[string,string]'}
Start             : Microsoft.Windows.PowerShell.ScriptAnalyzer.Position
End               : Microsoft.Windows.PowerShell.ScriptAnalyzer.Position

The suggested correction is to use New-Object instead. The way this is suggested might seem slightly unhelpful here with all the position information, but we’ll see later why this is useful.

This dictionary example is a bit artificial of course (since a hashtable would come more naturally), but having a spanner thrown into the works in PowerShell 3 or 4 because of a ::new() is not uncommon. The PSUseCompatibleSyntax rule will also warn you about classes, workflows and using statements depending on the versions of PowerShell you’re authoring for.

We’re not going to make the suggested change just yet, since there’s more to show you first.

Checking command usage with PSUseCompatibleCommands

We now want to check the commands. Because command compatibility is a bit more complicated than syntax (since the availability of commands depends on more than what version of PowerShell is being run), we have to target profiles instead.

Profiles are catalogs of information taken from stock machines running common PowerShell environments. The ones shipped in PSScriptAnalyzer can’t always match your working environment perfectly, but they come pretty close (there’s also a way to generate your own profile, detailed in a later blog post). In our case, we’re trying to target PowerShell 3.0, PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 6.2 on Windows. We have the first two profiles, but in the last case we’ll need to target 6.1 instead. These targets are very close, so warnings will still be pertinent to using PowerShell 6.2. Later when a 6.2 profile is made available, we’ll be able to switch over to that.

We need to look under the PSUseCompatibleCommands documentation for a list of profiles available by default. For our desired targets we pick:

• PowerShell 6.1 on Windows Server 2019 (win-8_x64_10.0.14393.0_6.1.3_x64_4.0.30319.42000_core)
• PowerShell 5.1 on Windows Server 2019 (win-8_x64_10.0.17763.0_5.1.17763.316_x64_4.0.30319.42000_framework)
• PowerShell 3.0 on Windows Server 2012 (win-8_x64_6.2.9200.0_3.0_x64_4.0.30319.42000_framework)

The long names on the right are canonical profile identifiers, which we use in the settings:

$settings = @{
    Rules = @{
        PSUseCompatibleCommands = @{
            # Turns the rule on
            Enable = $true

            # Lists the PowerShell platforms we want to check compatibility with
            TargetProfiles = @(
                'win-8_x64_10.0.14393.0_6.1.3_x64_4.0.30319.42000_core',
                'win-8_x64_10.0.17763.0_5.1.17763.316_x64_4.0.30319.42000_framework',
                'win-8_x64_6.2.9200.0_3.0_x64_4.0.30319.42000_framework'
            )
        }
    }
}

Invoke-ScriptAnalyzer -Path ./archiveScript.ps1 -Settings $settings

There might be a delay the first time you execute this because the rules have to load the catalogs into a cache. Each catalog of a PowerShell platform contains details of all the modules and .NET assemblies available to PowerShell on that platform, which can be as many as 1700 commands with 15,000 parameters and 100 assemblies with 10,000 types. But once it’s loaded, further compatibility analysis will be fast. We get output like this:

RuleName                            Severity     ScriptName Line  Message
--------                            --------     ---------- ----  -------
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 2     The parameter 'FullyQualifiedName' is not available for
                                                 ipt.ps1          command 'Import-Module' by default in PowerShell version
                                                                  '3.0' on platform 'Microsoft Windows Server 2012
                                                                  Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 12    The command 'Get-FileHash' is not available by default in
                                                 ipt.ps1          PowerShell version '3.0' on platform 'Microsoft Windows
                                                                  Server 2012 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 18    The parameter 'LeafBase' is not available for command
                                                 ipt.ps1          'Split-Path' by default in PowerShell version
                                                                  '5.1.17763.316' on platform 'Microsoft Windows Server
                                                                  2019 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 18    The parameter 'LeafBase' is not available for command
                                                 ipt.ps1          'Split-Path' by default in PowerShell version '3.0' on
                                                                  platform 'Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 19    The command 'Compress-Archive' is not available by
                                                 ipt.ps1          default in PowerShell version '3.0' on platform
                                                                  'Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 23    The parameter 'NoNewline' is not available for command
                                                 ipt.ps1          'Out-File' by default in PowerShell version '3.0' on
                                                                  platform 'Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Datacenter'

This is telling us that:

• Import-Module doesn’t support -FullyQualifiedName in PowerShell 3.0;
• Get-FileHash doesn’t exist in PowerShell 3.0;
• Split-Path doesn’t have -LeafBase in PowerShell 5.1 or PowerShell 3.0;
• Compress-Archive isn’t available in PowerShell 3.0, and;
• Out-File doesn’t support -NoNewline in PowerShell 3.0

One thing you’ll notice is that the Get-FoldersToArchive function is not being warned about. This is because the compatibility rules are designed to ignore user-provided commands; a command will only be marked as incompatible if it’s present in some profile and not in one of your targets.

Again, we can change the script to fix these warnings, but before we do, I want to show you how to make this a more continuous experience; as you change your script, you want to know if the changes you make break compatibility, and that’s easy to do with the steps below.

Using a settings file for repeated invocation

The first thing we want is to make the PSScriptAnalyzer invocation more automated and reproducible. A nice step toward this is taking the settings hashtable we made and turning it into a declarative data file, separating out the “what” from the “how”.

PSScriptAnalyzer will accept a path to a PSD1 in the -Settings parameter, so all we need to do is turn our hashtable into a PSD1 file, which we’ll make ./PSScriptAnalyzerSettings.psd1. Notice we can merge the settings for both PSUseCompatibleSyntax and PSUseCompatibleCommands:

# PSScriptAnalyzerSettings.psd1
# Settings for PSScriptAnalyzer invocation.
@{
    Rules = @{
        PSUseCompatibleCommands = @{
            # Turns the rule on
            Enable = $true

            # Lists the PowerShell platforms we want to check compatibility with
            TargetProfiles = @(
                'win-8_x64_10.0.14393.0_6.1.3_x64_4.0.30319.42000_core',
                'win-8_x64_10.0.17763.0_5.1.17763.316_x64_4.0.30319.42000_framework',
                'win-8_x64_6.2.9200.0_3.0_x64_4.0.30319.42000_framework'
            )
        }
        PSUseCompatibleSyntax = @{
            # This turns the rule on (setting it to false will turn it off)
            Enable = $true

            # Simply list the targeted versions of PowerShell here
            TargetVersions = @(
                '3.0',
                '5.1',
                '6.2'
            )
        }
    }
}

Now we can run the PSScriptAnalyzer again on the script using the settings file:

Invoke-ScriptAnalyzer -Path ./archiveScript.ps1 -Settings ./PSScriptAnalyzerSettings.psd1

This gives the output:

RuleName                            Severity     ScriptName Line  Message
--------                            --------     ---------- ----  -------
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 1     The parameter 'FullyQualifiedName' is not available for
                                                 ipt.ps1          command 'Import-Module' by default in PowerShell version
                                                                  '3.0' on platform 'Microsoft Windows Server 2012
                                                                  Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 9     The command 'Get-FileHash' is not available by default in
                                                 ipt.ps1          PowerShell version '3.0' on platform 'Microsoft Windows
                                                                  Server 2012 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 12    The parameter 'LeafBase' is not available for command
                                                 ipt.ps1          'Split-Path' by default in PowerShell version '3.0' on
                                                                  platform 'Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 12    The parameter 'LeafBase' is not available for command
                                                 ipt.ps1          'Split-Path' by default in PowerShell version
                                                                  '5.1.17763.316' on platform 'Microsoft Windows Server
                                                                  2019 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 13    The command 'Compress-Archive' is not available by
                                                 ipt.ps1          default in PowerShell version '3.0' on platform
                                                                  'Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleCommands             Warning      archiveScr 16    The parameter 'NoNewline' is not available for command
                                                 ipt.ps1          'Out-File' by default in PowerShell version '3.0' on
                                                                  platform 'Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Datacenter'
PSUseCompatibleSyntax               Warning      archiveScr 6     The constructor syntax
                                                 ipt.ps1          '[System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[string,
                                                                  string]]::new()' is not available by default in
                                                                  PowerShell versions 3,4

Now we don’t depend on any variables anymore, and have a separate spefication of the analysis you want. Using this, you could put this into continuous integration environments for example to check that changes in scripts don’t break compatibility.

But what we really want is to know that PowerShell scripts stay compatible as you edit them. That’s what the settings file is building to, and also where it’s easiest to make the changes you need to make your script compatible. For that, we want to integrate with the VSCode PowerShell extension.

Integrating with VSCode for on-the-fly compatibility checking

As explained at the start of this post, VSCode PowerShell extension has builtin support for PSScriptAnalyzer. In fact, as of version 1.12.0, the PowerShell extension ships with PSScriptAnalyzer 1.18, meaning you don’t need to do anything other than create a settings file to do compatibility analysis.

We already have our settings file ready to go from the last step, so all we have to do is point the PowerShell extension to the file in the VSCode settings.

You can open the settings with Ctrl+, (use Cmd instead of Ctrl on macOS). In the Settings view, we want PowerShell > Script Analysis: Settings Path. In the settings.json view this is "powershell.scriptAnalysis.settingsPath". Entering a relative path here will find a settings file in our workspace, so we just put ./PSScriptAnalyzerSettings.psd1:

In the settings.json view this will look like:

"powershell.scriptAnalysis.settingsPath": "./PSScriptAnalyzerSettings.psd1"

Now, opening the script in VSCode we see “green squigglies” for compatibility warnings:

In the problems pane, you’ll get a full desrciption of all the incompatibilities:

Let’s fix the syntax problem first. If you remember, PSScriptAnalyzer supplies a suggested correction to this problem. VSCode integrates with PSScriptAnalyzer’s suggested corrections and can apply them if you click on the lightbulb or with Ctrl+Space when the region is under the cursor:

Applying this change, the script is now:

Import-Module -FullyQualifiedName @{ ModuleName = ArchiveHelper; ModuleVersion = '1.1' }

$paths = Get-FoldersToArchive -RootPath 'C:DocumentsDocumentsToArchive'
$archivePath = 'ArchiveServerDocumentArchive'

$hashes = New-Object 'System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[string,string]'
foreach ($path in $paths)
{
    $hash = (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $path).Hash
    $hashes[$hash] = $path
    $name = Split-Path -LeafBase $path
    Compress-Archive -LiteralPath $path -DestinationPath (Join-Path $archivePath "$name-$hash.zip")
}

ConvertTo-Json $hashes | Out-File -LiteralPath (Join-Path $archivePath "catalog.json") -NoNewline

The other incompatibilities don’t have corrections; for now PSUseCompatibleCommands knows what commands are available on each platform, but not what to substitute with when a command isn’t available. So we just need to apply some PowerShell knowledge:

• Instead of Import-Module -FullyQualifiedName @{...} we use Import-Module -Name ... -Version ...;
• Instead of Get-FileHash, we’re going to need to use .NET directly and write a function;
• Instead of Split-Path -LeafBase, we can use [System.IO.Path]::GetFileNameWithoutExtension();
• Instead of Compress-Archive we’ll need to use more .NET methods in a function, and;
• Instead of Out-File -NoNewline we can use New-Item -Value

We end up with something like this (the specific implementation is unimportant, but we have something that will work in all versions):

Import-Module -Name ArchiveHelper -Version '1.1'

function CompatibleGetFileHash
{
    param(
        [string]
        $LiteralPath
    )

    try
    {
        $hashAlg = [System.Security.Cryptography.SHA256]::Create()
        $file = [System.IO.File]::Open($LiteralPath, 'Open', 'Read')
        $file.Position = 0
        $hashBytes = $hashAlg.ComputeHash($file)
        return [System.BitConverter]::ToString($hashBytes).Replace('-', '')
    }
    finally
    {
        $file.Dispose()
        $hashAlg.Dispose()
    }
}

function CompatibleCompressArchive
{
    param(
        [string]
        $LiteralPath,

        [string]
        $DestinationPath
    )

    if ($PSVersion.Major -le 3)
    {
        # PSUseCompatibleTypes identifies that [System.IO.Compression.ZipFile]
        # isn't available by default in PowerShell 3 and we have to do this.
        # We'll cover that rule in the next blog post.
        Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IO.Compression.FileSystem -ErrorAction Ignore
    }

    [System.IO.Compression.ZipFile]::Create(
        $LiteralPath,
        $DestinationPath,
        'Optimal',
        <# includeBaseDirectory #> $true)
}

$paths = Get-FoldersToArchive -RootPath 'C:DocumentsDocumentsToArchive'
$archivePath = 'ArchiveServerDocumentArchive'

$hashes = New-Object 'System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[string,string]'
foreach ($path in $paths)
{
    $hash = CompatibleGetFileHash -LiteralPath $path
    $hashes[$hash] = $path
    $name = [System.IO.Path]::GetFileNameWithoutExtension($path)
    CompatibleCompressArchive -LiteralPath $path -DestinationPath (Join-Path $archivePath "$name-$hash.zip")
}

$jsonStr = ConvertTo-Json $hashes
New-Item -Path (Join-Path $archivePath "catalog.json") -Value $jsonStr

You should notice that as you type, VSCode displays new analysis of what you’re writing and the green squigglies drop away. When we’re done we get a clean bill of health for script compatibility:

This means you’ll now be able to use this script across all the PowerShell versions you need to target. Better, you now have a configuration in your workspace so as you write more scripts, there is continual checking for compatibility. And if your compatibility targets change, all you need to do is change your configuration file in one place to point to your desired targets, at which point you’ll get analysis for your updated target platforms.

Summary

Hopefully in this blog post you got some idea of the new compatibility rules that come with PSScriptAnalyzer 1.18.

We’ve covered how to set up and use the syntax compatibility checking rule, PSUseCompatibleSyntax, and the command checking rule, PSUseCompatibleCommands, both using a hashtable configuration and a settings PSD1 file.

We’ve also looked at using the compatibility rules in with the PowerShell extension for VSCode, where they come by default from version 1.12.0.

If you’ve got the latest release of the PowerShell extension for VSCode (1.12.1), you’ll be able to set your configuration file and instantly get compatibility checking.

In the next blog post, we’ll look at how to use these rules and PSUseCompatibleTypes (which checks if .NET types and static methods are available on target platforms) can be used to help you write scripts that work cross platform across Windows and Linux using both Windows PowerShell and PowerShell Core.

Rob Holt

Software Engineer

PowerShell Team